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On The Shoulders of Giants

Those who came before

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"Reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one." - Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Considered to be the greatest scientific mind of the millennium, Einstein is most famous for E=mc2, the theory of relativity. Einstein realized the inadequacies of Newtonian mechanics and proposed the special theory of relativity in 1905.  Three centuries earlier, Galileo's principle of relativity stated: all uniform motion was relative, and that there was no absolute state of rest. Einstein's theory combines this with the postulate that all observers will always measure the speed of light to be the same no matter what their state of uniform linear motion is.

Special relativity and Quantum mechanics overthrow Newtonian notions of absolute space and time and classical electromagnetism. When it was found in 1900 by Max Planck that the energy of waves could be described as consisting of small packets or quanta, Albert Einstein showed that an electromagnetic wave such as light could be described by a particle called the photon with a discrete energy dependent on its frequency.
Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities. He gained numerous awards in recognition of his work, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1925, and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935. While quantum mechanics is entirely consistent with special relativity, serious problems emerge when one tries to join the quantum laws with general relativity, a more elaborate description of spacetime which incorporates gravity. Resolving these inconsistencies has been a major goal of twentieth- and twenty-first-century physics.

 

image “Its not stress that kills us it is our reaction to it.”  - Hans Selye (1907-1982) was the Canadian Endricronologist of Austro-Hungarian origin who first discovered and documented that stress differs from other physical responses in that stress is stressful whether the one receives good or bad news whether the impulse is positive or negative. Selye identified that we cope with stress via our hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system. He also pointed to an alarm state, a resistance state, and an exhaustion state largely referring to glandular states. 

Though his efforts were met with scepticism early on (he suggested that stress had a casual relationship to a number of major illnesses such as heart disease and cancer considered ‘radical’ at the time) Selye's contribution is one of the 20th centuries greatest ideas and has been referred to by some as the Einstein of Medicine.

 

image "All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them." - Galileo Galilei (1564 –1642) Italian physicist, astronomer, and philosopher most closely associated with the scientific revolution. Referred to as the "father of modern astronomy, physics, and science", Galileo’s many contributions include theories in mathematics physics, and astronomy plus inventions such as the thermometer. But it was his conflict between religious authorities over scientific freedom of thought that changed the scientific landscape for centuries.

The first to state, ‘the laws of nature are mathematical’, and ‘the language of God is mathematics’, Galileo also rejected the separation of science from philosophy or religion. The church denounced his theories, and Galileo was forced to defend himself against accusations of heresy. In 1663 Galileo was sentenced to imprisonment (later house arrest), ordered to recant his heliocentric ideas, and his works were banned.
Galileo’s theoretical and experimental work inspired many peer philosophers and scientists such as Kepler and René Descartes as well as many who followed, Newton, Hawking, and Einstein, who called Galileo the "father of modern science."
Galileo was formally rehabilitated in 1741. In 1758 the general prohibition against heliocentrism was removed from the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.

 

image “I think therefore I am” - René Descartes (1596-1650) was a noted French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. Dubbed the "Founder of Modern Philosophy" and the "Father of Modern Mathematics," he ranks as one of the most important and influential thinkers of modern times. When western medicine separated the mind from the body in the Middle Ages, Rene Descartes agreed to accept flesh and bone as the province of physicians, while the Catholic Church claimed possession of the mind, insisting it was the creation of the soul.
But Descartes, whose works were placed on the Church's Index of Prohibited Books in 1663, believed the two really interacted in the brain. Descartes regarded pineal gland (a tiny organ in the centre of the brain) as the principal seat of the soul and the place in which all our thoughts are formed. He dedicated the rest of his life to researching this connection between mathematics and nature. He is famous for having made an important connection between geometry and algebra and for having promoted a new conception of matter, which allowed for the accounting of physical phenomena by way of mechanical explanations.

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